What exactly can’t I wear or use during my iddah?
Mourning (iḥdād) means setting aside adornment for the length of the iddah: perfume, jewelry (even a ring), kohl and makeup worn for beauty, henna, and clothes dyed to look beautiful.1234 It is about adornment of your body and clothes, not your home, and not about how sad you look; washing and keeping clean are not adornment.56 Kohl or eye ointment needed as treatment is allowed, with conditions that differ by school.3678
What the four schools say
The schools agree on the core: no perfume, no jewelry, no kohl or makeup for beauty, no henna, no clothes dyed for beauty. They differ on unscented oil, and on the details of kohl used as treatment.
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Ḥanafī الحنفية
Mourning is leaving adornment: jewelry of every kind, silk, combing with a fine-toothed comb, perfume (even if her only earning is in it), oil even without perfume such as pure olive oil, kohl, henna, and clothes dyed with safflower, saffron or red clay, except for an excuse such as eye pain, an itch or a headache, because that is treatment. It is a right of the Sharīʿah, kept even if her husband told her not to.614
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Mālikī المالكية
She leaves dyed clothes, all jewelry even an iron ring, perfume and working or trading in it if she handles it herself, combing with henna or katam dye, and kohl even unscented, except out of necessity (meaning illness), wiping it off by day if it is scented. Unscented oil, lote leaves (sidr) and removing pubic hair are allowed.711
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Shāfiʿī الشافعية
Iḥdād is leaving adornment in clothes, jewelry and perfume. Clothes dyed for adornment and all jewelry, gold or silver, even a ring, are forbidden (one scholar allowed a silver ring; the majority did not). Perfume and oiling the hair are forbidden; unscented oil on the body is allowed. Black kohl is forbidden; if she needs it for eye disease she applies it at night and wipes it off by day, and by day too if necessity calls.3
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Ḥanbalī الحنابلة
The widow avoids perfume, adornment and kohl with ithmid.15 Al-Mughnī, following al-Khiraqī, adds the niqāb; the later Ḥanbalī text Kashshāf al-Qināʿ says the niqāb is not forbidden to her, “contrary to al-Khiraqī”.1516 Scented oils are not allowed; unscented oils such as olive oil are fine. Henna, makeup and decorating the face and hands are forbidden.17 If she needs ithmid as treatment, she applies it at night and wipes it off by day.8 All jewelry is forbidden, even a ring.4
What can change this
- Treatment is not adornment: kohl or ointment needed for the eyes, and oil for a headache in the Ḥanafī text, are allowed.3678 The report that says “at night only” (Abū Dāwūd 2305) is graded weak (ḍaʿīf) by al-Albānī; the schools that keep the night rule give it in their own words.9
- Mourning is in the body, not the house: nice bedding, curtains and furniture are not part of it.56
- Grief is not forbidden. The Prophet ﷺ wept when his son Ibrāhīm was dying and said, “this is mercy… the eyes are shedding tears and the heart is grieved.”10 Iḥdād is defined in the books as leaving adornment, not as showing grief.311
- Mourning for anyone other than a husband is limited to three days.12
- If you missed some of the mourning, out of not knowing or otherwise, your iddah still ends on time; the Shāfiʿī and Ḥanbalī texts say so.513
Sources
- 1
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5341 · None shown on sunnah.com (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī)
- 2
Sunan Abī Dāwūd 2304 · Sahih (Al-Albani)
- 3
al-Nawawī, Rawḍat al-Ṭālibīn (Shāfiʿī), 8:405–407
- 4
Ibn Qudāmah, al-Mughnī (Ḥanbalī), Maktabat al-Qāhirah ed., 8:157–158
- 5
al-Nawawī, Rawḍat al-Ṭālibīn (Shāfiʿī), 8:407–408
12 more sources, 6 to 17
- 6
Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Radd al-Muḥtār ʿalā al-Durr al-Mukhtār (Ḥanafī), Ḥalabī ed., 3:532
- 7
al-Dardīr, al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr, with Ḥāshiyat al-Dasūqī (Mālikī), 2:479
- 8
Ibn Qudāmah, al-Mughnī (Ḥanbalī), Maktabat al-Qāhirah ed., 8:157
- 9
Sunan Abī Dāwūd 2305 · Da'if (Al-Albani)
- 10
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1303 · None shown on sunnah.com (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī)
- 11
al-Dardīr, al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr, with Ḥāshiyat al-Dasūqī (Mālikī), 2:478
- 12
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1280 · None shown on sunnah.com (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī)
- 13
Ibn Qudāmah, al-Mughnī (Ḥanbalī), Maktabat al-Qāhirah ed., 8:170
- 14
Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Radd al-Muḥtār ʿalā al-Durr al-Mukhtār (Ḥanafī), Ḥalabī ed., 3:531
- 15
Ibn Qudāmah, al-Mughnī (Ḥanbalī), Maktabat al-Qāhirah ed., 8:154
- 16
al-Buhūtī, Kashshāf al-Qināʿ (Ḥanbalī), ed. Muṣayliḥī, 5:430
- 17
Ibn Qudāmah, al-Mughnī (Ḥanbalī), Maktabat al-Qāhirah ed., 8:156